The correct answer is option 3, Montesquieu. Montesquieu was a political philosopher who lived during the Enlightenment period in the 18th century. He is best known for his book "The Spirit of the Laws," in which he discussed the different forms of government and their governing principles.

Montesquieu argued that there were three main types of government: republican, monarchial, and despotic. Republican government, according to Montesquieu, is characterized by the separation of powers and the involvement of citizens in the political process. Monarchial government is based on a hereditary ruler who holds absolute power. Despotic government, on the other hand, is characterized by a single ruler who has complete control over all aspects of society.

By dividing government into these three categories, Montesquieu provided a framework for understanding different systems of governance and their underlying principles. This division was influential in shaping the development of modern political thought and the concept of separation of powers.