This question punishes 'story-readers' and rewards 'table-memorizers'. It mixes high-profile kings (Bhoja, Nagabhata) with obscure founders (Nannuka) and specific lineage figures (Jayashakti). You cannot solve this with general awareness; you need a hard 'Dynasty-Founder-Capital' mental spreadsheet.
How this question is built
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements.
Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
Statement 1
In medieval Indian history, was Nannuka a king of the Chandela dynasty?
Origin: Weak / unclear
Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Rajput Kingdoms > p. 139
Strength: 5/5
βBy the beginning of the tenth century two powerful Rajput Kingdoms, Gurjar Prathihara and Rashtrakutas, had lost their power. Tomaras (Delhi), Chauhans (Rajasthan), Solankis (Gujarat), Paramaras (Malwa), Gahadavalas (Kanauj) and Chandelas (Bundelkhand) had become important ruling dynasties of Northern India. Vighraharaja and Prithviraj, two prominent Chauhan rulers, Bhoja of Paramara dynasty, Ghadavala king Jayachandra, Yasovarman, Kirti Varman of Chandelas were all strong in their own regions. The world-famous Khajuraho temple complex, consisting of many temples including the Lakshmana temple, Vishwanatha temple and Kandariya Mahadeva temple, was built by the Chandelas of Bundelkhand who ruled from Khajuraho. The Rajputs had a long tradition of martial spirit, courage and bravery.β
Why relevant
Lists the Chandelas as a prominent Rajput dynasty ruling Bundelkhand and links them to Khajuraho temple-building, giving a clear geographic and dynastic context for any Chandela ruler.
How to extend
A student could check whether Nannukaβs activity or inscriptions are located in Bundelkhand/Khajuraho to judge if he belongs to the Chandela line.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > 7.71Decline of the Gupta Empire > p. 101
Strength: 4/5
βThe last recognized king of the Gupta line was Vishnugupta, who reigned from 540 to 550 CE. Internal fighting and dissensions among the royal family led to its collapse. During the reign of a Gupta king, Budhagupta, the Vakataka ruler Narendrasena of western Deccan attacked Malwa, Mekala and Kosala. Later on, another Vakataka king Harishena conquered Malwa and Gujarat from the Guptas. During Skanda Gupta's reign, the grandson of Chandragupta II, the Huns invaded northwest India. Feudalism: The social formation of feudalism was the characteristic of the medieval society in India.β
Why relevant
Describes the post-Gupta/early medieval period marked by feudal fragmentation, when regional chiefs and new dynasties emerged.
How to extend
One could infer it was plausible that a local chief named Nannuka might establish or appear as an early ruler of a regional dynasty like the Chandelas and then seek epigraphic confirmation.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > 8.4 Rise of Rashtrakuta Dynasty > p. 113
Strength: 4/5
βThe Rashtrakutas were originally known to be the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Vatapi. Though Rashtrakutas were early rulers, the greatest ruler of the dynasty was Dandidurga. Ruling from a smaller part of Berar, Dandidurga built his career of territorial conquest after the death of Vikramaditya II (733-746 CE), the Chalukya ruler. He captured Gurjara Kingdom of Nandipuri, Malwa and eastern Madhya Pradesh and the whole of Berar. After consolidating his position, and after defeating Kirthivarman II (746-753 CE), the last Chalukya ruler of Vatapi, Dandidurga assumed the titles of Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara and Paramabhattaraka. He developed relationships with the Pallava ruler Nandivarman II by giving his daughter in marriage to the Pallava king.β
Why relevant
Explains a common pattern that powerful dynasties sometimes originated from subordinate rulers or feudatories who rose to greater power.
How to extend
A student could investigate whether Nannuka is recorded as a local chief/feudatory in epigraphs, a plausible path to becoming a Chandela king.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Origins of the Gupta Dynasty > p. 90
Strength: 3/5
βEvidence on the origin and antecedents of the Gupta dynasty is limited. The Gupta kings seem to have risen from the modest origins. Chandragupta I, who was the third ruler of the Gupta dynasty married Kumaradevi, a Lichchavi princess. The marriage is mentioned in the records of his successors with pride indicating that that royal connection would have contributed to the rise of Guptas. Lichchavi was an old, established gana-sangha and its territory lay between the Ganges and the Nepal Terai.β
Why relevant
Notes that royal houses often rose from modest origins and emphasize marital or local links in origin narratives, illustrating how early dynastic founders may be modest local figures.
How to extend
This supports pursuing evidence that Nannuka was an early/modest founder figure (rather than a distant legendary figure) of the Chandelas via inscriptions or local tradition.
Statement 2
In medieval Indian history, was Jayashakti a king of the Paramara dynasty?
Origin: Weak / unclear
Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Rajput Kingdoms > p. 139
Strength: 5/5
βBy the beginning of the tenth century two powerful Rajput Kingdoms, Gurjar Prathihara and Rashtrakutas, had lost their power. Tomaras (Delhi), Chauhans (Rajasthan), Solankis (Gujarat), Paramaras (Malwa), Gahadavalas (Kanauj) and Chandelas (Bundelkhand) had become important ruling dynasties of Northern India. Vighraharaja and Prithviraj, two prominent Chauhan rulers, Bhoja of Paramara dynasty, Ghadavala king Jayachandra, Yasovarman, Kirti Varman of Chandelas were all strong in their own regions. The world-famous Khajuraho temple complex, consisting of many temples including the Lakshmana temple, Vishwanatha temple and Kandariya Mahadeva temple, was built by the Chandelas of Bundelkhand who ruled from Khajuraho. The Rajputs had a long tradition of martial spirit, courage and bravery.β
Why relevant
Lists Paramaras as the ruling dynasty of Malwa and names Bhoja as a prominent Paramara ruler β establishes that 'Paramara = Malwa' and that Paramara kings have known famous names.
How to extend
A student could compare lists of known Paramara rulers (e.g., Bhoja) and their geography/time with the name Jayashakti to see if Jayashakti appears among recognized Paramara kings.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > 8.4 Rise of Rashtrakuta Dynasty > p. 113
Strength: 4/5
βThe Rashtrakutas were originally known to be the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Vatapi. Though Rashtrakutas were early rulers, the greatest ruler of the dynasty was Dandidurga. Ruling from a smaller part of Berar, Dandidurga built his career of territorial conquest after the death of Vikramaditya II (733-746 CE), the Chalukya ruler. He captured Gurjara Kingdom of Nandipuri, Malwa and eastern Madhya Pradesh and the whole of Berar. After consolidating his position, and after defeating Kirthivarman II (746-753 CE), the last Chalukya ruler of Vatapi, Dandidurga assumed the titles of Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara and Paramabhattaraka. He developed relationships with the Pallava ruler Nandivarman II by giving his daughter in marriage to the Pallava king.β
Why relevant
Discusses control and conquest of Malwa by other dynasties (Rashtrakuta capture of Malwa) β highlights Malwa as a contested region with changing rulers.
How to extend
Use this to frame chronology: check whether Jayashakti's putative dates fit the periods when Paramaras ruled Malwa versus when other powers held it.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Pushyabhutis 8.1 > p. 105
Strength: 3/5
βThe founder of the Vardhana dynasty was Pushvabhuti who ruled from Thaneswar. He served as a military general under the imperial Guptas and rose to power after the fall of the Guptas. With the accession of Prabakara Vardhana (580-605 CE), the Pushyabhuti family became strong and powerful. Prabakara Vardhana fought against the Gurjaras and the Huns and established his authority as far as Malwa and Gujarat Rajavardhana (605-606 CE), the eldest son of Prabhakaravardhana, ascended the throne after his father's death. He was treacherously murdered by Sasanka, the Gauda ruler of Bengal. This resulted in his younger brother Harshavardhana becoming the king of Thanesar.β
Why relevant
Shows that several northern dynasties (e.g., Pushyabhutis) extended influence 'as far as Malwa' β reinforces Malwa as a key region in medieval north Indian political maps.
How to extend
Combine with a basic map of medieval India and chronology to judge whether a ruler named Jayashakti could plausibly belong to a Malwa-based dynasty like the Paramaras.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Pala Rulers > p. 112
Strength: 3/5
βThe slide of the Pala dynasty was accelerated during the rule of his three successors - Rajyapala, Gopala III and Vigramapala II. The fortunes of the dynasty, however, were revived by Mahipala I, son of Vigramapala II. The most important event of his period was the invasion of northern India by Rajendra Chola sometime between 1020 and 1025 CE. However, the advance of the Cholas beyond the Ganges was checked by Mahipala I. After 15 years of Mahipala's rule, four insignificant rulers followed. Ramapala was the last ruler who tried to recover the lost glory of the dynasty. He ruled for about 53 years and after his death, the presence of Pala dynasty was confined to only a portion of Magadha (Bihar) and continued to exist only for a short period.β
Why relevant
Gives a dated event (Rajendra Chola's northern campaign around 1020β1025) and mentions territorial reach of medieval kingdoms β helps anchor the early 11th-century chronological framework.
How to extend
A student could check whether Jayashakti's supposed period aligns with early 11th-century events when Paramara prominence (e.g., Bhoja) is recorded, helping to accept or reject association.
Statement 3
In medieval Indian history, was Nagabhata II a king of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty?
Origin: Weak / unclear
Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Rajput Kingdoms > p. 139
Strength: 5/5
βBy the beginning of the tenth century two powerful Rajput Kingdoms, Gurjar Prathihara and Rashtrakutas, had lost their power. Tomaras (Delhi), Chauhans (Rajasthan), Solankis (Gujarat), Paramaras (Malwa), Gahadavalas (Kanauj) and Chandelas (Bundelkhand) had become important ruling dynasties of Northern India. Vighraharaja and Prithviraj, two prominent Chauhan rulers, Bhoja of Paramara dynasty, Ghadavala king Jayachandra, Yasovarman, Kirti Varman of Chandelas were all strong in their own regions. The world-famous Khajuraho temple complex, consisting of many temples including the Lakshmana temple, Vishwanatha temple and Kandariya Mahadeva temple, was built by the Chandelas of Bundelkhand who ruled from Khajuraho. The Rajputs had a long tradition of martial spirit, courage and bravery.β
Why relevant
Explicitly names 'Gurjar Prathihara' as a major Rajput/medieval ruling dynasty of northern India, establishing that a Gurjara-Pratihara royal line existed in the period of interest.
How to extend
A student could consult a standard list of rulers of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (e.g., regional king lists or chronologies) to see if Nagabhata II appears among them.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Pala Rulers > p. 111
Strength: 4/5
βThe Rashtrakutas and the Pratiharas took advantage of Narayanapala's disposition and defeated the Palas. The rise of the Pratiharas in Jalore under Mihira Bhoja and the advance of the Rashtrakutas into Pala territories inevitably brought about the decline of the Palas Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms 111 11th_History_English_Medium_History_Unit_8.indd_111β
Why relevant
Discusses the rise of the Pratiharas (mentioning Mihira Bhoja) and their rivalry with other contemporary dynasties, indicating the Pratiharas were a significant ruling house involved in large-scale politics.
How to extend
Use this pattern (Pratihara prominence and named rulers) to check other well-known Pratihara rulers' names and place Nagabhata II within that dynastic sequence.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Pushyabhutis 8.1 > p. 105
Strength: 3/5
βThe founder of the Vardhana dynasty was Pushvabhuti who ruled from Thaneswar. He served as a military general under the imperial Guptas and rose to power after the fall of the Guptas. With the accession of Prabakara Vardhana (580-605 CE), the Pushyabhuti family became strong and powerful. Prabakara Vardhana fought against the Gurjaras and the Huns and established his authority as far as Malwa and Gujarat Rajavardhana (605-606 CE), the eldest son of Prabhakaravardhana, ascended the throne after his father's death. He was treacherously murdered by Sasanka, the Gauda ruler of Bengal. This resulted in his younger brother Harshavardhana becoming the king of Thanesar.β
Why relevant
Mentions conflicts between the Pushyabhutis and the 'Gurjaras', showing 'Gurjaras' as a recognizable political grouping/dynasty in early medieval sources.
How to extend
Given 'Gurjaras' appear as a distinct political entity, a student could look for whether Nagabhata II is recorded as a leader of that Gurjara political formation (i.e., the Gurjara-Pratihara house).
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > 8.4 Rise of Rashtrakuta Dynasty > p. 113
Strength: 3/5
βThe Rashtrakutas were originally known to be the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Vatapi. Though Rashtrakutas were early rulers, the greatest ruler of the dynasty was Dandidurga. Ruling from a smaller part of Berar, Dandidurga built his career of territorial conquest after the death of Vikramaditya II (733-746 CE), the Chalukya ruler. He captured Gurjara Kingdom of Nandipuri, Malwa and eastern Madhya Pradesh and the whole of Berar. After consolidating his position, and after defeating Kirthivarman II (746-753 CE), the last Chalukya ruler of Vatapi, Dandidurga assumed the titles of Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara and Paramabhattaraka. He developed relationships with the Pallava ruler Nandivarman II by giving his daughter in marriage to the Pallava king.β
Why relevant
Refers to capture of the 'Gurjara Kingdom of Nandipuri' by another dynasty, indicating the geographical and political existence of a Gurjara realm that dynasties contested.
How to extend
Using the identified Gurjara territorial centre (Nandipuri) and known medieval regional maps, a student could cross-check ruler names associated with that Gurjara polity to see if Nagabhata II is listed.
Statement 4
In medieval Indian history, was Bhoja a king of the Rashtrakuta dynasty?
Origin: Weak / unclear
Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > III Rashtrakutas > p. 115
Strength: 4/5
ββ’ Rashtrakutas emerged as the most feared and powerful kingdom during the reign of a series of successful rulers from Krishna I through Krishna III. β’ Rashtrakutas patronised Sanskrit and Kannada scholars. β’ The art found at Ellora and Elephanta are their contributions:β
Why relevant
Lists the prominent Rashtrakuta rulers (Krishna I through Krishna III) and describes the dynasty's notable monarchs, providing a sample roster of Rashtrakuta kings.
How to extend
A student could compare known lists of Rashtrakuta rulers with the name 'Bhoja' β absence from such rosters suggests Bhoja belonged elsewhere.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > 8.4 Rise of Rashtrakuta Dynasty > p. 113
Strength: 3/5
βThe Rashtrakutas were originally known to be the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Vatapi. Though Rashtrakutas were early rulers, the greatest ruler of the dynasty was Dandidurga. Ruling from a smaller part of Berar, Dandidurga built his career of territorial conquest after the death of Vikramaditya II (733-746 CE), the Chalukya ruler. He captured Gurjara Kingdom of Nandipuri, Malwa and eastern Madhya Pradesh and the whole of Berar. After consolidating his position, and after defeating Kirthivarman II (746-753 CE), the last Chalukya ruler of Vatapi, Dandidurga assumed the titles of Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara and Paramabhattaraka. He developed relationships with the Pallava ruler Nandivarman II by giving his daughter in marriage to the Pallava king.β
Why relevant
Names Dandidurga as the greatest early Rashtrakuta ruler and describes Rashtrakuta origins and conquests, giving concrete Rashtrakuta identities and territory.
How to extend
By mapping Dandidurga's Deccan base against Bhoja's known realm (if checked elsewhere), one could judge whether Bhoja fits the Rashtrakuta profile.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
Strength: 2/5
βThe Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of learning. Kannada and Sanskrit literature made great progress during their reign. Amoghavasa was the author of Prasnottaramalika, a Sanskrit work, and Kavirajamarga, a Kannada work. Jinasena wrote the Adipurana of the Jains. Krishna II's spiritual guide, Gunabhadra, wrote
the Mahapurana of the Jains. The three gems of ancient Kannada literature - Kavichakravarthi Ponna, Adikavi Pampa and Kavichakravarti Ranna - were patronised by Rashtrkuta king Krishna III, as well as by Tailapa and Satyashraya of Western Chalukyas.β
Why relevant
Describes literary patronage under Rashtrakuta kings and names specific Rashtrakuta-associated scholars, reinforcing the cultural identity tied to particular rulers.
How to extend
A student could look for literary or inscriptional associations of 'Bhoja' with these Rashtrakuta cultural patrons; lack of association would weaken the claim that Bhoja was a Rashtrakuta king.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Rajput Kingdoms > p. 139
Strength: 5/5
βBy the beginning of the tenth century two powerful Rajput Kingdoms, Gurjar Prathihara and Rashtrakutas, had lost their power. Tomaras (Delhi), Chauhans (Rajasthan), Solankis (Gujarat), Paramaras (Malwa), Gahadavalas (Kanauj) and Chandelas (Bundelkhand) had become important ruling dynasties of Northern India. Vighraharaja and Prithviraj, two prominent Chauhan rulers, Bhoja of Paramara dynasty, Ghadavala king Jayachandra, Yasovarman, Kirti Varman of Chandelas were all strong in their own regions. The world-famous Khajuraho temple complex, consisting of many temples including the Lakshmana temple, Vishwanatha temple and Kandariya Mahadeva temple, was built by the Chandelas of Bundelkhand who ruled from Khajuraho. The Rajputs had a long tradition of martial spirit, courage and bravery.β
Why relevant
Explicitly refers to 'Bhoja of Paramara dynasty', showing a prominent historical figure named Bhoja is tied to the Paramaras, not the Rashtrakutas.
How to extend
Using basic external facts (Paramara territory = Malwa), a student could check geographical/chronological fit to rule out Bhoja being a Rashtrakuta.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Pala Rulers > p. 111
Strength: 4/5
βThe Rashtrakutas and the Pratiharas took advantage of Narayanapala's disposition and defeated the Palas. The rise of the Pratiharas in Jalore under Mihira Bhoja and the advance of the Rashtrakutas into Pala territories inevitably brought about the decline of the Palas Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms 111 11th_History_English_Medium_History_Unit_8.indd_111β
Why relevant
Mentions 'Mihira Bhoja' in the context of the Pratihara rise, indicating that the name 'Bhoja' occurs in more than one dynasty (here the Pratiharas).
How to extend
A student should note name duplication across dynasties and therefore verify which 'Bhoja' is meant by checking dynasty, region, and dates rather than assuming Rashtrakuta affiliation from the name alone.
Pattern takeaway:
UPSC exploits the 'Dark Age' of Indian History (Post-Gupta to Delhi Sultanate). Aspirants usually skip the political history of this period for Art & Culture. The pattern is to ask for specific ruler-dynasty matches to force you to study the political geography.
How you should have studied
- [THE VERDICT]: Trap/Bouncer. While Pair 4 is an easy elimination (Bhoja is Paramara/Pratihara, not Rashtrakuta), knowing Nannuka and Jayashakti requires specific dynastic lists often found in RS Sharma or Upinder Singh, not just basic NCERT summaries.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Early Medieval India (750β1200 CE) > The Age of Conflict > The Rise of Rajput Clans (Gurjara-Pratiharas, Palas, Rashtrakutas, and their feudatories).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Founder-Capital-Famous King' matrix for the Rajput pentagon: 1. Chandelas (Nannuka/Khajuraho/Vidyadhara), 2. Paramaras (Upendra/Dhar/Bhoja), 3. Gahadavalas (Chandradeva/Kannauj/Jayachandra), 4. Kalachuris (Kokalla/Tripuri), 5. Chauhans (Vasudeva/Ajmer/Prithviraj).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Stop reading the 'Tripartite Struggle' as a narrative. Convert the chapter into a data table. UPSC specifically targets the transition from 'Feudatory' to 'Independent King' (e.g., Nannuka starting the Chandelas).
Concept hooks from this question
π Chandelas and the Khajuraho temple complex
π‘ The insight
The Chandelas of Bundelkhand are identified with the construction of the famous Khajuraho temples, linking the dynasty to regional cultural achievements.
High-yield for UPSC: questions often ask about regional dynasties through their material culture and temple patronage. Understanding which dynasty is associated with Khajuraho helps directly answer questions on medieval art, architecture and regional political power.
π Reading List :
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Rajput Kingdoms > p. 139
π Anchor: "In medieval Indian history, was Nannuka a king of the Chandela dynasty?"
π Rise of Rajput/regional dynasties after early medieval decline
π‘ The insight
Several Rajput and regional dynasties (Tomaras, Chauhans, Solankis, Paramaras, Gahadavalas, Chandelas) emerged as important powers in northern India in the period following earlier imperial decline.
Essential for UPSC: framing the political map of early medieval North India, linking decline of larger empires to emergence of multiple regional kingdoms. Useful for questions on polity, chronology, and comparative regional developments.
π Reading List :
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Rajput Kingdoms > p. 139
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > 7.71Decline of the Gupta Empire > p. 101
π Anchor: "In medieval Indian history, was Nannuka a king of the Chandela dynasty?"
π Paramara dynasty (Malwa) and King Bhoja
π‘ The insight
Paramara dynasty ruled Malwa and produced prominent rulers such as Bhoja, making dynastic affiliation a key factor when identifying individual medieval kings.
High-yield for UPSC because recognizing major dynasties and their flagship rulers helps place lesser-known names in context; connects political history with regional cultural achievements (e.g., patronage by Bhoja). Useful for source-based questions, matching rulers to regions, and elimination in MCQs.
π Reading List :
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Rajput Kingdoms > p. 139
π Anchor: "In medieval Indian history, was Jayashakti a king of the Paramara dynasty?"
π Rajput dynasties of medieval Northern India
π‘ The insight
Paramaras are listed among the core Rajput dynasties of northern India, so understanding this category helps classify rulers by lineage and region.
Mastering the list and characteristics of Rajput dynasties aids in answering questions about political geography, inter-dynastic relations, and chronological placement; enables quick elimination in comparative questions on medieval polities.
π Reading List :
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Rajput Kingdoms > p. 139
π Anchor: "In medieval Indian history, was Jayashakti a king of the Paramara dynasty?"
π Malwa as a strategic region contested by medieval powers
π‘ The insight
Malwa was repeatedly captured and contested by regional powers, making the region central to identifying which dynasties ruled or claimed it.
Understanding Malwa's strategic importance links regional geography to dynastic control and conflict; helps answer questions on territorial expansion, rivalry among dynasties, and the shifting political map of medieval India.
π Reading List :
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > 8.4 Rise of Rashtrakuta Dynasty > p. 113
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Pushyabhutis 8.1 > p. 105
π Anchor: "In medieval Indian history, was Jayashakti a king of the Paramara dynasty?"
π Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
π‘ The insight
Gurjara-Pratihara is a principal northern dynasty whose identity and territorial control are central to attributing medieval rulers to that house.
High-yield for UPSC because questions often ask about major medieval dynasties, their chronology, territorial extent and notable rulers. Mastery helps place rulers in the correct political framework and compare them with contemporaneous powers.
π Reading List :
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 10: Advent of Arabs and Turks > Rajput Kingdoms > p. 139
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Pala Rulers > p. 111
π Anchor: "In medieval Indian history, was Nagabhata II a king of the Gurjara-Pratihara dyn..."
π Tripartite contest: Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas and Palas
π‘ The insight
The political rivalry among Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas and Palas determined control of key regions and is essential for judging dynastic affiliations and conflicts.
Important for answering questions on medieval geopolitics, shifting alliances and causes of rise/decline of kingdoms. Knowing this helps solve source-based and comparative questions about power dynamics in North and Central India.
π Reading List :
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Pala Rulers > p. 111
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > 8.4 Rise of Rashtrakuta Dynasty > p. 113
π Anchor: "In medieval Indian history, was Nagabhata II a king of the Gurjara-Pratihara dyn..."
The region of Bundelkhand was historically called 'Jeja-Bhukti'. It was named after the Chandela king 'Jayashakti' (mentioned in Pair 2). A future question could ask to match historical region names (Jeja-Bhukti) to modern territories (Bundelkhand).
β‘ Elimination Cheat Code
Use the 'Name Flavor' heuristic. 'Bhoja' is a legendary North Indian name (Paramara/Pratihara). Rashtrakuta kings (Deccan) almost exclusively used distinct titles like Dantidurga, Amoghavarsha, Govinda, or Indra. 'Bhoja - Rashtrakuta' is a historical mismatch of region and nomenclature. Eliminate Pair 4 immediately.
Mains GS1 (Society/History): Link these fragmented dynasties to the 'Samanta System' (Feudalism). The proliferation of local kings like Nannuka and Jayashakti illustrates the political fragmentation that weakened India's defense against Ghurid invasions.