UPSC Mains 2021 GS1 Q4 — Geophysical Phenomena Landslides

• Contrast between tectonic/endogenic drivers (Himalayas) versus exogenic/climatic drivers (Western Ghats).
• Comparison of geological maturity and rock composition between the two regions.
• Variation in anthropogenic pressures such as jhum cultivation vs. plantation/mining activities.
• Role of slope steepness and vegetation cover in determining landslide vulnerability.

• Writing a generic list of causes (deforestation, rain) that apply to both without explicitly contrasting them.
• Failing to mention that the Himalayas are 'Young Fold Mountains' (tectonically active) whereas Western Ghats are older 'Escarpments' (tectonically stable).
• Spending too many words on effects/mitigation instead of focusing strictly on the 'causes' as demanded by the question.
• Ignoring the difference in rainfall patterns (high intensity concentrated monsoon in Ghats vs. snowmelt and seismic factors in Himalayas).

Spend 20 words on a brief intro defining landslides and their relevance. Devote 100 words to the core comparative analysis, ideally using a table or clear side-by-side thematic points for tectonic, climatic, and human factors. Use the final 30 words to conclude on the distinct mitigation strategies required for each region.